Having unclosed paradox that of natural numbers are as much how many their quadrates, G. Galilei bequeathed to be cautious in the handling with infinite amounts: " ...there isn´t the place for a property of an equality, and also greater and smaller value there, where the matter goes about infinity, and are applied only to finite amounts" [1, p. 140-146]. An explanation of this paradox can be obtained with some conditions, which have allowed to divide all injective mappings φ: N→N on four classes: 1) finitely surjective, 2) potentially surjective, 3) potentially antisurjective and 4) are as trivial antisurjective mappings. The following statements are proved, in particular:
Theorem 1. The injections of 3-rd and 4-th classes are not bijections.
Theorem 2. If a mapping φ: N→N is bijection, then the following limit equality is fulfilled: lim (φ(n):n)=1.
Theorem 3. There isn´t a bijection between of natural numbers set N and its proper subset А⊂N.
Theorem 3 can be proved also by means of the mathematical induction method or with the helping of the following statement.
Theorem 4. Let A and B be proper subsets of set N of natural numbers and there is an injection 
, then this mapping φ can be prolonged up to bijection 
.
The concept of numerical sequence convergence is generalized as follows:
Definition 1. A numerical sequence (а) will be termed as a properly convergent sequence, if
. (1)
This concept gives the substantiation to existence of infinite hyper-real numbers. In particular, the sequence of the partial sums of a harmonic series satisfies to a condition of Definition 1. It is easy to proof following statement by means (1):
Theorem 5. A set of Cauchy´s sequences includes a subset of unlimited those.
Corollary of Theorem 5. The real numbers set R isn´t a complete space if it doesn´t include a subset of infinite hyper-real numbers.
A completeness axiom will be entered: every properly convergent sequence converges
Theorem 6.
Theorem 4.
The defined more exactly concept of numerical series has allowed to prove and to show on examples both a necessary criterion of the numerical series convergence on the extended numerical direct 
is also sufficient, and the convergence of an alternating numerical series in R does not depend on a permutation of this series addends [2]. For example, let (А)=
=А=ln2. The series (В) was obtained [3, p. 316-319] from the series (А) by following "procedure": after everyone p of sequential positive addends of the series (А) was put q of the sequential negative addends of this series. The sequence (
) of partial sums of series (В) converges to number 
=ln(2
). It is shown in the report the sequence (
) of series (В) residuals converges to number 
=ln(
). Therefore, A= + .
Reference
- Galilei G.. Selected Works: In 2 t. -Moscow: "Science", 1964. Т. 1.-571 p. (In Russian)
- Sukhotin A.M. Alternative analysis principles: Study.-Tomsk: TPU Press, 2002.-43 p.
- Fikhtengolts G. M. Course differential and integral calculus: In 3 t., 3-rd edit.- Moscow: "Science", 1967.-Т. 2.-664 p. (In Russian)
Библиографическая ссылка
Sukhotin A. FROM G. GALILEI´S PARADOX UP TO THE ALTERNATE ANALYSIS // Успехи современного естествознания. – 2004. – № 1. – С. 55-55;URL: https://natural-sciences.ru/ru/article/view?id=12108 (дата обращения: 24.04.2024).